Non-Rationalised Geography NCERT Notes, Solutions and Extra Q & A (Class 6th to 12th)
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Class 8th Chapters
1. Resources	2. Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Resources	3. Mineral And Power Resources
4. Agriculture	5. Industries	6. Human Resources

Class 8th Geography NCERT Notes, NCERT Question Solutions and Extra Q & A (Non-Rationalised)

1. Resources

This chapter introduces the concept of **resources**, defining them as anything that can be used to satisfy human needs. Resources are broadly classified into **natural resources** (obtained from nature, e.g., minerals, water), **human-made resources** (created by humans using natural resources, e.g., buildings, technology), and **human resources** (people themselves, with their skills and knowledge). The chapter emphasizes the importance of **resource conservation** – using resources judiciously – and promoting **sustainable development**, ensuring resources are available for future generations. Understanding resources is crucial for economic development and managing the wealth of a nation like India.

2. Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation And Wildlife Resources

This chapter focuses on four vital **natural resources** that form the basis of the environment and human activities: **Land** (used for various purposes), **Soil** (supporting agriculture and vegetation), **Water** (essential for life and activities), and **Natural Vegetation and Wildlife** (representing biodiversity). It discusses the distribution, importance, and problems faced by these resources (degradation, depletion). Conservation methods for each resource are highlighted, such as sustainable land use, soil conservation techniques, water harvesting, and protecting forests and wildlife through sanctuaries and parks (**important for India's diverse ecosystems**).

3. Mineral And Power Resources

This chapter explores **mineral** and **power resources**, essential for industrial and economic development. Minerals are naturally occurring substances with a definite chemical composition, classified as metallic and non-metallic. **Power resources** are those used to generate energy, classified as **conventional** (non-renewable, e.g., coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydroelectricity) and **non-conventional** (renewable, e.g., solar, wind, geothermal, tidal). The chapter discusses the distribution, extraction, and uses of important minerals and power resources in India and emphasizes their conservation and the shift towards renewable energy sources for sustainable development.

4. Agriculture

This chapter focuses on **agriculture**, a primary economic activity involving cultivating crops, rearing livestock, and forestry, which is the backbone of the Indian economy. It discusses different types of farming systems practised globally and in India, such as subsistence farming and commercial farming. Major crops cultivated in India (food grains like rice, wheat; fibres like cotton; beverages like tea) and the geographical conditions required for their growth are covered. The chapter highlights the challenges faced by Indian agriculture and efforts towards its development and modernization, including the impact of the **Green Revolution**.

5. Industries

This chapter introduces **industries** as economic activities involved in processing raw materials into finished goods, adding value. Industries are classified based on raw materials (agro-based, mineral-based), size (small-scale, large-scale), and ownership (private, public, joint, cooperative). Factors influencing the **location of industries** (availability of raw material, labour, power, market, transport, capital) are discussed. The chapter examines major industries globally and in India (e.g., Iron & Steel, Cotton Textile, Information Technology), highlighting their contribution to the economy, employment ($\textsf{₹}$), and regional development, while also touching upon environmental concerns.

6. Human Resources

This chapter emphasizes that **human resources** – the people of a country – are the most important resource. It explains that human beings transform natural resources into useful wealth through their skills, knowledge, and technology. The chapter discusses concepts related to **population**, including its distribution (how people are spread), density (people per unit area), growth (change over time), and composition (age structure, sex ratio, literacy level, occupational structure). The chapter highlights the significance of a skilled, educated, and healthy population for the development and progress of a nation like India, viewing population as a potential asset.